Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA)

2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati OH 45211
Phone: 513-542-7475
Fax: 513-542-7487

Email:
TERA@TERA.org

 Decabromodiphenyl Ether
Key References


AIHA.  1981.  Workplace environmental exposure level guide:  Decabromodiphenyl oxide.  American Industrial Hygiene Association, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2700 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 250 , Fairfax , VA 22031 .

AIHA.  1996.  Workplace Environmental Exposure Level: Decabromodiphenyl Oxide.  American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2700 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 250 , Fairfax , VA 22031 .

Alaee, M.  2001.  Levels and trends of PBDEs in North American Environment.  Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, May 14–16, Stockholm University , Sweden , 131–134.

Anderson P. 1991. Drug use during breast-feeding.  Clinical Pharmacy Vol. 10, Aug 594-624.

Aufderheide J, Kendall T and Nixon W.  2001.  Effect of decabromodiphenyl  oxide on the survival and reproduction of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida.  Study No. 46540.  ABC Laboratories, Inc., Columbia , Missouri .

Babrauskas V, Harris R Jr., Gann R, Levin B, Lee B, Peacock R, Paabo M, Twilley W, Yoklavich M and Clark H.  1988. Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire-Retarded and Non-Fire-Retarded Products. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, NBS Special Publication 749.  Available From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield , VA 22161 . Website: http://www.ntis.gov.  Order number: PB88-249966.

Bailey B and Ito S. 1997.  Breast-feeding and maternal drug use.  Pediatric Clinics of North America , Vol. 44, No1, February, 41- 54.

Brenner K and Knies H.  1990.  Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDE’s) and –Dioxins (PBDD’s) during extrusion production of a polybutyleneterephthlate (PBTP)/glassfibre resin blended with decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDPE)/Sb2O3: product and workplace analysis.  Organohalogen Compounds, Vol 2, 319-324.

Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF) Web Site. http://www.bsef.com. 2001.

Burreau S, Axelman J, Erornan D and Jakobsson E.  1997.  Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 2508-2513.

Carlson G. 1980.  Induction of xenobiotic metabolism in rats by short-term administration of brominated diphenylethers.  Toxicol Lett 5, 19-25.

Chou S, Jacobs L, Penner, D and Tiedje J.  1978.  Absence of plant uptake and translocation of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).  Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 23, 9-12.

CITI.  1992.  Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan .  Compiled under the supervision of Chemical Products Safety Division, Basic Industries Bureau, Ministry of International Trade & Industry, Japan .  Edited by Chemicals Inspection & Testing Institute, Japan .  Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center .

Clarke F. 1997.  The life safety benefits of brominated flame retardants in the United States . Final Report to the Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel.  Benjamin/Clarke Associates.

Cramer P, Stanley J and Thronburg K.  1990.  Mass Spectral Confirmation of Chlorinated and brominated Diphenyethers in Human Adipose Tissue.  EPA-560/5-90-012.  Washington , D.C.

Darnerud P, Atuma S, Aune M, Cnattingius S, Wernroth M and Wicklund-Glynn A. 1998.  Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Breast Milk from Primiparous Women in Uppsala County , Sweden . Organohalogen Compounds, 35, 411-414.

Davison A and Dobbing J.  1968. The developing brain. In Davison AN, Dobbing J (eds): Applied Neurochemistry. Philadelphia : F.A. Davis, pp 253-286.

DeCarlo, V.J.  1979.  Studies on brominated chemicals in the environment.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 320:678–681.

de Boer J, Aldridge J, Allchin C, Bennett M, Boon J, Brandsma S, van Hesselingen J, Law R, Lewis W, Morris S, Tjoen-A-Choy M and Zegers B.  2001.  Polybrominated Diphenylethers in the Aquatic Environment.  Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO) BV.  RIVO report Number: C023/01.

  de Wit , C.A.   2002.  An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.  Chemosphere 46:583–624.

Di Carlo F, Seifter J and DeCarlo V.  1978. Assessment of the hazards of polybrominated biphenyls. Environ Health Perspect 23, pp. 351-365.

Donnelly J, Grange, A, Nunn N, Sovocool G, Brumley W and Mitchum R.  1987.  Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry 18(10), 884-96.

ECB.  2002.  European Union risk assessment report:  bis(pentabromophenyl) ether.  European Chemicals Bureau, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection.  Vol. 17. 

Education World. 2002.  Lesson Planning Article. Fire Safety: Activities to Spark Learning!  http://www.education-world.com/a_lesson/lesson026.shtml.

El Dareer S, Tillery K, Hill D, Kalin J.  1987.  Disposition of decabromodiphenyl ether in rats dosed intravenously or by feeding. J Toxicol Environ Health, 22, 405-415.

Eriksson P, Ahlbom J, Fredriksson A.  1992.  Exposure to DDT during a defined period in neonatal life induces permanent changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behavior in adult mice.  Brain Research 582(2):277-81.

Eriksson P.  1997.  Developmental neurotoxicity of environmental agents in the neonate.  Neurotoxicology, 18(3):719-26.

Eriksson P, Jakobsson E and Fredriksson A.  1998.  Developmental neurotoxicity of brominated flame-retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromo-bis-phenol A.  Organohalogen Compounds 35, pp. 375-377.

Eriksson P and Talts U.   2000.  Neonatal exposure to neurotoxic pesticides increases adult susceptibility: a review of current findings.  Neurotoxicology 21(1-2):37-47.

Eriksson J, Jakobsson E, Marsh G, Bergman A.  2001.  Photodecomposition of brominated diphenylethers in methanol/water.  In: The Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, May 14 –16.BFR 2001.Stockholm.Stockholm University , Sweden ,pp.203 –206.

Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA (1981). Assay of comedogenicity in the rabbit ear (Saytex 102). Unpublished Laboratory Report. Pharmakon Laboratories.

Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA (1986). Toxicity data on DBDPO (Saytex 102). Primary Eye Irritation. Unpublished Laboratory Report. Pharmakon Research International Inc.

FRCA 1987.  Fire Retardant Chemicals Association: Reduction of Fire Hazard Using Fire Retardant  Chemicals.  Belles and Associates, Madison , TN.

Fries G, Marrow G and Cook R.  1978. Distribution and kinetics of PBB residues in cattle.   Environ Health Perspectives, Vol. 23, 43-50.

Furst P.  2001.  Organochlorine Pesticides, Dioxins, PCB and Polybrominated Biphenylethers in Human Milk from Germany in the Course of Time.  Organohalogen Compounds.

Garner C and Mathews H.  1998.   The effect of chlorine substitution on the dermal absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls.  Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 149,2, 150-158.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette , IN (1974a). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE‑83). Acute oral toxicity in the Albino rat. Unpublished Laboratory Report, Intl. Res. & Dev. Corp.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette , IN (1974b). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE‑83). Acute dermal toxicity in the Albino rabbit. Unpublished Laboratory Report, Intl. Res. & Dev. Corp.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette , IN (1974c). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE‑83). Acute inhalation toxicity in the male Albino rat. Unpublished Laboratory Report, Intl. Res. & Dev. Corp.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette , IN (1974d). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE‑83). Primary skin irritation in Albino rabbits. Unpublished Laboratory Report, Intl. Res. & Dev. Corp.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette , IN (1974e). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE‑83). Primary eye irritation in Albino rabbits. Unpublished Laboratory Report, Intl. Res. & Dev. Corp.

Guy R.H. 1996. Review: Current Status and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery.  Pharmaceutical Research, 13, 12, 1765- 1769.

Guyton A.  1986.  Textbook of Medical Physiology (W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia , ed.  Seventh Edition).

Hakk H, Larsen G, Klasson-Wehler E, Orn U and Bergman A.  1999.  Tissue Disposition, Excretion, and Metabolism of 2,2’4,4’,5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats.  Organohalogen Compounds, 40, 337-339.

Hale R, La Guardia M, Harvey E, Mainor T.  2002. Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment. Chemosphere, Feb, 46(5):729-35.

Hale, R., M. La Guardia, E. Harvey , and M. Mainor.  2001.  Brominated diphenyl ethers in land-applied sewage sludges in the US .  Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, May 14–16, Stockholm University , Sweden , pp149–152.

Hamm S. 1999.  Analysis of a decabromodiphenyloxide blend, a HIPS plastics, the HIPS plastic containing the DecBDPO and Sb2O3 and the repeatedly recycled HIPS/Sb2O3/DecaBDPO plastic for partially brominated diphenylethers and 8 polybrominated dibenzo(p)dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners.  Report 60425-001 B01.  GfA.  Munster , Germany .

Hamm S, Strikkeling M, Ranken P, Rothenbacher K.  2001.  Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and PBDD/Fs during the recycling of high impact polystryrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony oxide.  Chemosphere Sep;44(6):1353-1360.

Hagmar L, Jakobsson K, Thuresson K, Rylander L, Sjodin A and Bergman A.  2000. Computer technicians are occupationally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A.  Organohalogen Compounds, 47, 202-205.

Hardy M, Schroeder R, Biesemeier J and Manor O.  2002.  Prenatal oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study of decabromodiphenyl oxide in rats.  International Journal of Toxicology, 21,83-91.

Hardy M. 2002a.  The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants.  Chemosphere 46, 757-777.

Hardy M.  2002b.  Properties of the major commercial PBDPO flame retardant, DBDPO, in comparison to PBB and PCB.   Chemosphere 46, 717-748.

Hardy M.  2000.  Distribution of Decabromodiphenyl Oxide in the Environment.  Organohalogen Compounds 47, 237-240.

Hardy M and Smith R.  1999.  The potential of certain brominated flame retardants for persistence, bioaccumulation, or long range transport.  Proceedings of the American Chemical Society Annual Meeting.  Anaheim , CA .

Hughes, M.F., B.C. Edwards, C.T. Mitchell, and B. Bhooshan.  2001.  In vitro dermal absorption of flame retardant chemicals.  Food Chem. Toxicol.  39(12):1263–1270.

Huwe J., M. Lorentzsen, K. Thuresson, and Å. Bergman.  2002.  Analysis of mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers in chickens at the part per billion level.  Chemosphere 46(5):635–640.

IARC.  1990.   Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Flame Retardants and Textile Chemicals, and Exposures in the Textile Manufacturing Industry. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  Lyon , France .  Vol 48:73-84.

Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories.  1975.  Human repeated insult patch test with DBDO-1 and XD 8186.02.  Report No. IBT 636-0654.  Northbrook , IL . 

Iwata Y, Gunther F and Westlake W.  1974.  Uptake of PCB (Arochlor 1254) from soil by carrots under field conditions.  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 11:523. 

Jackson J, Dilberto J and Birnbaum L.  1993.  Estimation of octanol-water partition coefficients and correlation with dermal absorption for several polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.  Fund and Appl. Toxicol. 21, 334-344.

Jacobs L, Chou S, and Tiedje M.  1976.  Fate of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in soils.  Persistence and plant uptake.   J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 24, 1198.

Jacobs L, Chou S, Tiedje J.  1978.  Field concentrations and persistence of polybrominated biphenyls in soils and solubility of PBB in natural waters.  Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 23, 1-8.

Jafvert C and Hua I.  2001.  Photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl oxide and 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl oxide.  Final Report.  School of Civil Engineering .  Purdue University .  West Lafayette , IN.

Karter, Jr. M.  2001.  NFPA's 2000 United States Fire Loss, September 2001.

Kierkegaard A, Balk L, Tjarnlund U and de Wit C.  Uptake of decabromodiphenyl ether in the rainbow trout via administration in the diet.  Presented at the SETAC Meeting 16-20 November 1997.

Kierkegaard A, Balk L, Tjarnlund U, de Wit C and Jansson B.  1999.  Dietary uptake and biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).  Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1612-17.

KEMI 1999.  Risk assessment of PBDE.  National Chemicals Inspectorate , Sweden .  Letter dated 14th July 1999 .  As cited in ECB 2002.

Kociba R, Frauson L, Humiston C, Norris J, Wade C, Lisowe R, Quast J, Jersey G and Jewett G.  1975.  Results of a two-year dietary feeding study with decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) in rats. Combustion Toxicology 2, pp. 267-285.

Kodavanti P, Ward T, Derr-Yellin E, Mundy E, Case A, Bush B and Trotter W.  1998.  Congener- specific distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in brain regions, blood, liver, and fat of adult rats following repeated exposure to Arochlor 1254, Tox Applied Pharm 153, pp. 199-210.

Kroger M.  General environmental contaminants occurring in milk.  In: Lactation, Nutrition and Biochemistry of Milk/Maintenance, Vol III (Larson BL and Smith VR, eds).  New York : Academic Press, Inc.; 1974:135-158

Krueger H, Kendall T and Jaber M.  (2001a)  Decabromodiphenyl ether: a prolonged sediment toxicity test with Lumbriculus variegates using spiked sediment with 2% total organic carbon.  Final Report.  Project Number: 439A-113.  Wildlife International, LTD., Easton , MD.

Krueger H, Kendall T and Jaber M.  (2001b)  Decabromodiphenyl ether: a prolonged sediment toxicity test with Lumbriculus variegates using spiked sediment with 5% total organic carbon.  Final Report.  Project Number: 439A-114.  Wildlife International, LTD., Easton , MD.

LaKind J and Berlin C. 2001.  PBDEs in Breast Milk: Where Do We Go From Here?  Organohalogen Compounds 47, 241-244.

Lind Y, Aune, M, Bjerselius R, Darnerud P, Cnattingius S and Glynn A. 2001.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PDEs) in breast milk from Uppsala women – extension and up-dating of data.  Proceedings, BFR2001 Stockholm, pages 117-120.

Lioy P, Weisel C, Millette J, Eisenreich S, Vallero D, Offenberg J, Buckley B, Turpin B, Zhong M, Cohen M, Prophete C, Yang I, Stiles R, Chee G, Johnson W, Porcja R, Alimokhtari S, Hale R, Weschler C and Chen L.  2002.  Characterization of dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001.  Environmental Health Perspectives. 110,7:703-714.

Lippmann M, Yeates D and Albert R.  1980. Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles.  British Journal of Industrial Medicine 37, 337-362.

Leihbacher D. 1999.  Search in the Modern Environment.  Fire Engineering, July, 65-76.

Loebstein R, Lalkin A, and Koren G. 1997.  Pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy and their clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet Nov; 33(5):328-43.

MacGregor J and Nixon W. 1997.  Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): Determination of n-octanol water partition coefficient. Wildlife International Ltd., Easton , MD.

Maronpot R, Montgomery C, Boorman G and McConnell E.  1986.  National Toxicology Program nomenclature for hepatoproliferative lesions of rats.  Toxicol Pathol. 14, 263-273.

Matthews H, Fries G, Gardner A, Garthoff L, Goldstein J, Ku Y and Moore J.  1978.  Metabolism and biochemical toxicity of  PCBs and PBBs. Environmental Health Perspectives 24, 147-155.

Matthews H and Dedrick R. 1984. Pharmacokinetics of PCBs. Annual Reviews of Pharmacology and Toxicology 24, 85-103.

Matthews H, Kato S, Morales M, and Tuey D.  1977.  Distribution and excretion of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl, the major component of Firemaster BP-6.  J Toxicol Environm Health, Oct; 3(3):599-605.

McAllister D, Mazac C, Gorsich R, Freiberg M and Tondeur Y.  1990. Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.  Chemosphere, 20, 10-12:1537-1541.

McGregor D, Edwards I, Riach C, Cattanach P, Martin R, Mitchell A and Caspary W.  1988.  Studies of an S9-based metabolic activation system used in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell mutation assay.  Mutagenesis 3(6):485-90.

McIntyre, J.E., I. Holme, and O.K. Sunmonu.  1995.  The desorption of model compounds from poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibre.  Colourage 41(13):77–81.

Meironyte D, Bergman A and Noren K. 1998.  Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Milk.  Organohalogen Compounds, 35, 387-390. 

Meyland W and Howard P.  EPI – Estimation Programs Interface for Microsoft Windows.  US EPA Version for Windows.  June 1999.  Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse , NY . 

Morck A and Klasson Wehler E.  2001.  Metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rat.  BFR 2001 Stockholm .  The Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants.  May 14-16, 2001 .  Stockholm University , Sweden .

NAS 2000.  Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals.  National Academy Press.  Washington , D.C.   http://www.nap.edu.

Naismith R and Matthews R.  1981.  Assay of comedogenicity in the rabbit ear of Saytex 102.  PH 425-ET-001-81.  Pharmakon Research Laboratories, Waverly, PA. 

NFPA 2000.  National Fire Protection Association.  Http://www.nfpa.org. 

NHATS 1990.  Brominated Dioxins and Furans in Human Adipose Tissue.  EPA 560/5-90-005.  Washington , D.C.

NSKC 2002. Fire. National Safe Kids Campaign.   http://www.safekids.org/tier2_rl.cfm?folder_

NTP 1986.  Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Decabromodiphenyl Oxide (CAS No.1163-19-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No.398. U.S. Department of Health and Human Sciences. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health.  Research Triangle Park , NC .

NTP.  2000.   National Toxicology Program.  9th Report on Carcinogens. http://ehis.niehs nih.gov/roc/toc9.htm1. 

Norris J, Ehrmantraut J, Gibbons C, Kociba R, Schwetz B, Rose J, Humiston C, Jewett G, Crummett W, Gehring P, Tirsell J and Brosier J.  1973.  Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical, Applied Polymer Symposia. No.22. Polymeric Materials for Unusual Service Conditions.  195-219.

Norris J, Ehrmantraut J, Gibbons C, Kociba R, Schwetz B, Rose J, Humiston C, Jewett G, Crummett W, Gehring P, Tirsell J and Brosier J.  1974.  Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical. JFF/Combustion Toxicology 1, 52-77.

Norris J, Kociba R, Schwetz B, Rose J, Humiston C, Jewett G, Gehring P and Mailhes J.  1975.   Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide.  Environ Health Perspect 11, 153-161.

OSHA Standard 1990. http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/carcinogens/index.htm1.

Ohta S, Ishizuka, D, Nishimura, H, Nakao T, Aozasa O, Shimidzu Y, Ochiai F, Kida T and Miyata H.  2000.  Real Situation of Contamination by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers as Flame Retardant in Market Fish and Mother Milk of Japan .  Organohalogen Compounds 47, 218-211.

Orn U and Klasson Wehler E.  1998.  Metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in rat and mouse.  Xenobiotica 28, 2, 199-211.

Patterson D. 2002.  Personal communication.  September 2002.

Päpke O, Bathe L, Bergman A, Fürst P, Guvenius D, Herrmann T, Norén K.  2001.  Determination of PBDEs in Human Milk from the United States.  Organohalogen Compounds.

Pinkerton M, Kociba R, Petrella R, McAllister D, Willis M, Fulfs J, Thoma H and Hutzinger O.  1989. A preliminary report on the investigation of the comparative toxicity of combustion products of high impact polystyrene with and without decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony trioxide as a flame retardant using 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran as positive controls. Chemosphere 1-6, 1243-1249.

Pomerantz I, Burke J, Firestone D, McKinney J, Roach J and Trotter W.  1978.  Chemistry of PCBs and PBBs. Environmental Health Perspectives 24, 133-146.

Pons G, Rey E, and Matheson I. 1994. Excretion of psychoactive drugs into breast milk. Pharmacokinetic principles and recommendations.  Clin Clin Pharmacokinet, Oct; 27(4):270-89.

Porch J and Krueger H. 2001. Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): A toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on seedling emergence of six species of plants.  Final Report.  Project Number: 439-101.  Wildlife International, LTD., Easton, MD.

Ranken P, Freiberg M, Mazac C, Bauer M, Varcoe F and Tondeur Y. 1994.  Definitive study of the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans in decabromodiphenyl oxide and tetrabromobisphenol A.  Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. EUROPEAN SECTION.  Vol. 103/n 5-6, pp. 219-233.

W.A. Ritschel.  Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics.  2nd Edition.  1982.  Drug Itelligence Publications, Inc., Hamilton , IL .)

Ryan J and Patry B. 2001.  Body Burdens and Food Exposure in Canada for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (BDES).  Organohalogen Compounds.

Schaefer E and Flaggs R.  2001a.  Potential for biotransformation of radiolabelled decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) in anaerobic sediment.  Final Report.  Project No: 439E-104.  Wildlife International, Ltd.  Easton , MD.

Schaefer E and Flaggs R.  2001b.  Potential for biotransformation of radiolabelled tetrabromodiphenyl oxide (TeBDPO) in anaerobic sediment.  Final Report.  Project No: 439E-105.  Wildlife International, Ltd.  Easton , MD.

Schaefer and Siddiqui.  2001.  Decabromodiphenyl oxide: an activated sludge, respiration inhibition test.  Final Report.  Project No: 439E-106.  Wildlife International, Ltd.  Easton , MD.

Schaefer E, Ariano J and Rothenbacher K.  2001.  Fate Of Decabromodiphenyl Ether In Anaerobic Freshwater Sediment.  Organohalogen Compounds. 

Schroeder R. 2000.  Prenatal oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study of decabromodiphenyl oxide in rats. MPI Research.   Mattawan, MI.

Sellstrom U, Soderstrom G, de Wit C and Tysklind M.  1998.  Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE).  Organohalogen Compounds 35:447-450.

Sjodin A, Hagmar L, Klasson-Wehler E, Kronholm-Diab K, Jakobsson E and Bergman A.  1999. Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 107, 643-648.

Sjodin A. 2000.  Doctoral Dissertation: Occupational and Dietary Exposure to Organohalogen Substances, with Special Emphasis on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers.  Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University.

Sjodin A, Patterson d, Bergman A.  2001.  Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors.  Environmental Science and Technology.  35(19):3803-3833.

Sjödin, A., H. Carlsson, K. Thuresson, S. Sjölin, Å. Bergman, and C. Östman.  2001a.  Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments.  Environmental Science and Technology 35:448–454.

Sjödin A, D.G. Patterson, Jr., and Å. Bergman.  2001b.  Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors.  Environmental Science and Technology 35(19):3830–3833.

Stanley J, Cramer P, Ayling R, Thornberg K, Remmers, Breen J and Schwemberger J.  1990.    Determination of the prevalence of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDPES) in human adipose tissue samples.  Chemosphere 20:981-985.

Strandberg B, Dodder N, Basu I and Hites R.  2001.  Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air.  Environmental Science and Technology 35:1078–1083.

Strandman T, Koistinen J and Vartiainen T.  2000.  Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Placenta and Human Milk.  Organohalogen Compounds 47, 61-64.

Stenzel J and Markley B. 1997.  Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): Determination of the water solubility.  Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD.

Stenzel J and Nixon W. 1997.  Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): Determination of the vapor pressure using the spinning rotor gauge. Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD.

Stevens G and Mann A. 1999.  Risks and Benefits in the Use of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products.  URN 98/1026. Polymer Research Centre, School of Physical Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU25XH, UK, DTI.

Thuresson K, Jakobsson, K, Hagmar L, Englyst V and Bergman A.  2002a.  Work related exposure to brominated flame retardants when recycling metals from printed circuit boards.  Organohalogen Compounds, 58: 249-252.

Thuresson K, Jakobsson, Hagmar L, Sjodin A and Bergman A.  2002b.  Decabromodiphenyl ether exposure to workers manufacturing rubber and in an industrial setting producing rubber coated electric wires.  Organohalogen Compounds, 58: 165-168.

Tulve N, Suggs J, McCurdy, T, Hubal E, and Moya J.  2002.  Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children.  Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.  12:259-264.

U.S. EPA.  2000a.  65(248) Fed. Reg.:81700–81718).  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

U.S. EPA.  2000b.  Child-specific exposure factors handbook.  External review draft.  Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.  NCEA-W-0853.  Versar, Inc.  June.

USFA. 2002.  This Is Fire! A Fact sheet on the nature of fire. United States Fire Administration http://www.usfa.fema.gov/dhtml/public/safety.cfm.  Nature

Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Jakobsson E, Orn U and Eriksson P.  2001.  Brominated Flame Retardant: Uptake, retention and developmental neurotoxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209) in the neonatal mouse.  BFR 2001 Stockholm.  The Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants.  May 14-16, 2001.  Stockholm University, Sweden.  pp 279-282.

Walsh G, Yoder M, McLaughlin L, and Lores E.  1987.  Responses of marine unicellular algae to brominated organic compounds in six growth media.  Ecotoxoxicology and Environmental Safety 14,215 –222.

Watanabe I and Tatsukawa R.  1987.  Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from the photolysis of flame retardant decabromobiphenyl ether in hexane solution by UV and sunlight.  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39,953 –959.

Wagner V and Klug M.  1998.  Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay: decabromodiphenyl oxide.  Study Number: G98AV87.503.  MA BioServices, Inc., Rockville, MD.

Wania F and Dugani C.  2002.  Assessing the long range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a comparison of four multimedia models.  Final Report.  University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario. 

Wester R and Maibach H.  1983.  Cutaneous pharmacokinetics: 10 steps to percutaneous absorption.  Drug Metabolism Reviews 14(2), 169-205.

Wild S and Jones K.  1992.  Organic chemicals entering agricultural soils in sewage sludges: screening for their potential to transfer to crop plants and livestock. Science of the Total Environment 119, 85-119.

Willet L and Durst H.  1978. Effects of PBBs on cattle.  IV.  Distribution and clearance of components of FireMaster BP-6.  Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 23, 67-74.

Wilson J. 1983.  Determinants and consequences of drug excretion in breast milk.  Drug Metabolism Reviews 14(4), 619-652. 

WHO.  1994.  Brominated Diphenyl Ethers. World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria Document Number 162. Geneva.

Wong A, Lei Y, Alaee M and Wania R.  2001.  Vapour pressures of the polybrominated diphenylethers.  BFR 2001 Stockholm.  The Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants.  May 14-16, 2001.  Stockholm University, Sweden.  pp 195-197.

Zweidinger R, Cooper S, Erickson M, Michael L, and Pellizari E.  1977.  Sampling and analysis for semivolatile brominated organics in ambient air.  Monitoring Toxic Substances.  ACS Symposium Series No 94.  D. Schuetzle et al. (Ed.).  American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 217–231. Cited, not seen.

Zweidinger R, Cooper S, and Pellizzari E.  1978.  Identification and quantitation of brominated fire retardants.  Measurement of organic pollutants in water and wastewater.  ASTM STP 686, C E Van Hall (Ed.).  American Society for Testing and Materials, 234–250.  Cited, not seen.

 

 

© 2008 Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment